6,206 research outputs found
Design of a Digital Triaxial Force Sensor for Plantar Load Measurements
Get PDFMeasurement of load information on the plantar (lower) surface of the foot can provide valuable insights to help identify pathologies like diabetic foot ulcers. Studies have shown that both plantar pressure and shear stress play an important role in foot disorders, especially ulcer formation. However, in this context shear stress is much less studied in comparison with pressure distribution, mainly due to the lack of reliable measurement technologies. In this paper, we propose a triaxial force sensor for measuring plantar loading. The sensor consists of an array of sensing coils combined with an elastomeric spacer and a conductive target. Under loading, the sensor demonstrates differential variations in inductance which are digitized by built-in conditioning circuitry and decoupled. A 3D finite element (FE) model was developed for the system as a design tool. This was validated experimentally and demonstrated a high agreement to the results. In experimental evaluation with multiaxial loading the sensor showed precise operation over the operating range (RMSE: 0.05 N for shear (-1.5 N - 1.5 N) and 0.70 N for normal force (0-13 N) measurements). The FE model was then used to investigate the effect of undesirable tilting of the target. The results indicated that it is important to minimize the tilting of the target for robust operation in real-world scenarios
Mechanical deforming the alloy body having elongated, ribbon-shaped phases aligned along axis of the body
Get PDFA high strength, light weight in-situ Ti-Y composite is produced by deformation processing a cast body having Ti and Y phase components distributed therein. The composite comprises elongated, ribbon-shaped Ti and Y phase components aligned along an axis of the deformed body
Evaluation of two health status measures in adults with growth hormone deficiency
Get PDFObjective: To evaluate the psychometric properties of two health status measures for adults with growth hormone deficiency (GHD): Nottingham Health Profile (NHP) and Short Form Health Survey (SF-36).
Design: (1) A cross-sectional survey of adults with treated or untreated GHD, to assess reliability and validity of the questionnaires. (2) A randomised, placebo-controlled study of 3 months’ GH withdrawal from GH-treated adults, to assess the questionnaires’ sensitivity to change.
Patients: (1) Cross-sectional survey of 157 patients with severe GHD (peak GH
Measurements: The NHP and SF-36 were used once in the cross-sectional survey, but twice in the GH-withdrawal study, at baseline and end-point (after 3 months).
Results: (1) Cross-sectional survey. Both questionnaires had high internal consistency reliability with subscale Cronbach’s alphas of > 0.73 (NHP) and > 0.78 (SF 36). Calculation of a NHP Total score, occasionally reported in the literature, was shown to be inadvisable. Overall, patients with GHD were found to have significantly worse perceived functioning than the UK general population in SF 36 subscales of General Health, Pain, Social Functioning, Role-Emotional, Role-Physical, and Vitality. Whilst neither questionnaire found significant differences between GH-treated and non-GH-treated patients, there were correlations with duration of GH treatment (p
Conclusions: The SF-36 is a better measure than the NHP of health status of people with GHD, owing to its greater discriminatory power with ability to detect lesser degrees of disability. It also has superior sensitivity to some sub-group differences and superior sensitivity to change than the NHP. The SF-36 is highly acceptable to respondents, and has very good internal consistency reliability. The SF-36 is recommended to measure the health status of adults with GHD
An inductive force sensor for in-shoe plantar normal and shear load measurement
Get PDFDiabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are a severe global public health issue. Plantar normal and shear load are believed to play an important role in the development of foot ulcers and could be a valuable indicator to improve assessment of DFUs. However, despite their promise, plantar load measurements currently have limited clinical application, primarily due to the lack of reliable measurement techniques particularly for shear load measurements. In this paper we report on the design and evaluation of a novel tri-axis force sensor to measure both normal and shear load on the foot’s plantar surface simultaneously. The sensor consists of a group of inductive sensing coils above which a conductive target is placed on a hyperelastic elastomer.
Movement of the target under load affects the coil inductances which are measured and digitized by an embedded system. Using a computational finite element model, we investigated the influence of sensing coil form and configuration on sensor performance.
A sensor configured with four-square coils and maximal turns provided the best performance for plantar load measurements. A prototype was fabricated and calibrated using a neural network to map the non-linear relationship between the sensor output
and the applied tri-axis load. Experimental evaluation indicates that the tri-axis sensor can effectively detect shear load of �16
N and normal load up to 105 N (RMS errors: 1.05 N and 1.73 N respectively) with a high performance. Overall, this sensor
provides a promising basis for plantar normal and shear load measurement which are crucial for improved assessment of DFU
A Review of Wearable Sensor Systems to Monitor Plantar Loading in the Assessment of Diabetic Foot Ulcers
Get PDFDiabetes is highly prevalent throughout the world and imposes a high economic cost on countries at all income levels. Foot ulceration is one devastating consequence of diabetes, which can lead to amputation and mortality. Clinical assessment of diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is currently subjective and limited, impeding effective diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Studies have shown that pressure and shear stress at the plantar surface of the foot plays an important role in the development of DFUs. Quantification of these could provide an improved means of assessment of the risk of developing DFUs. However, commercially-available sensing technology can only measure plantar pressures, neglecting shear stresses and thus limiting their clinical utility. Research into new sensor systems which can measure both plantar pressure and shear stresses are thus critical.
Our aim in this paper is to provide the reader with an overview of recent advances in plantar pressure and stress sensing and offer insights into future needs in this critical area of healthcare. Firstly, we use current clinical understanding as the basis to define requirements for wearable sensor systems capable of assessing DFU. Secondly, we review the fundamental sensing technologies employed in this field and investigate the capabilities of the resultant wearable systems, including both commercial and research-grade equipment. Finally, we discuss research trends, ongoing challenges and future opportunities for improved sensing technologies to monitor plantar loading in the diabetic foot
Efficacy of increased resistant starch consumption in human type 2 diabetes
Get PDFResistant starch (RS) has been shown to beneficially affect insulin sensitivity in healthy individuals and those with metabolic syndrome, but its effects on human type 2 diabetes (T2DM) are unknown. This study aimed to determine the effects of increased RS consumption on insulin sensitivity and glucose control and changes in postprandial metabolites and body fat in T2DM. Seventeen individuals with well-controlled T2DM (HbA1c 46.6±2 mmol/mol) consumed, in a random order, either 40 g of type 2 RS (HAM-RS2) or a placebo, daily for 12 weeks with a 12-week washout period in between. At the end of each intervention period, participants attended for three metabolic investigations: a two-step euglycemic–hyperinsulinemic clamp combined with an infusion of [6,6-2H2] glucose, a meal tolerance test (MTT) with arterio-venous sampling across the forearm, and whole-body imaging. HAM-RS2 resulted in significantly lower postprandial glucose concentrations (P=0.045) and a trend for greater glucose uptake across the forearm muscle (P=0.077); however, there was no effect of HAM-RS2 on hepatic or peripheral insulin sensitivity, or on HbA1c. Fasting non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations were significantly lower (P=0.004) and NEFA suppression was greater during the clamp with HAM-RS2 (P=0.001). Fasting triglyceride (TG) concentrations and soleus intramuscular TG concentrations were significantly higher following the consumption of HAM-RS2 (P=0.039 and P=0.027 respectively). Although fasting GLP1 concentrations were significantly lower following HAM-RS2 consumption (P=0.049), postprandial GLP1 excursions during the MTT were significantly greater (P=0.009). HAM-RS2 did not improve tissue insulin sensitivity in well-controlled T2DM, but demonstrated beneficial effects on meal handling, possibly due to higher postprandial GLP1
Sex Differences in the Perceived Dominance and Prestige of Women With and Without Cosmetics
Get PDFHuman social status has long been of interest to evolutionary and social psychologists. The question of who gets to control resources and be a leader has garnered a lot of attention from these and other fields, and this thesis examines evidence for there being two different mechanisms of achieving high status, and their correlates. The mechanisms are 1) Dominance: being aggressive, manipulative and forcing others to follow you, and 2) Prestige: possessing qualities which make others freely follow you. Chapter 1 is an introductory chapter in which I explain selection pressures, group formation, and the need for social hierarchies; I then describe the two proposed methods of attaining social status and how facial characteristics can give clues as to an individual’s social status.
In Chapter 2, my first experimental chapter, I examined how faces created to appear either high in dominance or high in prestige were judged with respect to those traits as well as personality characteristics. Taking this further, in Chapter 3, I looked at how natural variation in real faces would reflect differences in other- and self-perceived ratings of dominance and prestige. Chapter 4 served to examine whether, given a set of words related to social status, I would find differences in what words were placed into dominant or prestige categories. Findings within these chapters are consistent with dominance and prestige being separable methods of attaining high status, from differences in facial appearance (Chapter 2 and 3), to personality characteristics (Chapter 2), to word usage (Chapter 4).
Once I had established that these were two distinct routes to achieving high status, I chose to focus on dominance in Chapter 5 and explored the conceptual relationships between dominance and facial expressions. I found that manipulating perceptions of dominance affected how intense expressions of anger, sadness, and fear were perceived (Chapter 5). As there has been a paucity of research in the area of women’s social status, in Chapter 6, I went on to explore what effects cosmetics use in women would have on their perceived social status. I found differences in how men and women perceived women wearing cosmetics, which again points to a distinction between dominance and prestige.
My thesis then presents a broad view of the two different mechanisms for attaining high status. Using new methods not otherwise used in exploring dominance and prestige I was able to explore correlates and indicators, as well as perceptions of both strategies. These findings will allow us to determine who might be capable of attaining social status, which of the two methods they might use, as well as what implicit associations we hold about each. They will also open doors for future research into the two strategies, and even help interpret previous research, as many previous studies simply relate to high status and do not distinguish between dominance and prestige
Comparison of analogue and digital mammographic appearances of screen-detected invasive breast cancers
Get PDFA Portable Insole System to Simultaneously Measure Plantar Pressure and Shear Stress
Get PDFObjective: This work aims to develop an integrated in-shoe measurement system to fully record plantar loading, including both pressure and shear stresses, across the full contact surface. These data are vital to help understand and prevent the development of complex conditions such as Diabetic Foot Ulcers (DFUs), a worldwide healthcare challenge. Currently no systems exist to reliably record these data.
Methods: In this paper we report development of the SLIPS ('Shear Load Inductive Plantar Sensing') system which integrates 64 tri-axial force sensors into a flexible insole to measure plantar loading. SLIPS translates our multi-axis inductive load sensing technology into a full sensory array embedded within an insole and complete with communication and power bus. A pilot study evaluates the system in three healthy participants during walking.
Results: Testing shows that the SLIPS system is well tolerated by participants and can operate under dynamic gait loading regimes. The pilot study reveals the complex nature of plantar loading. Regions of peak pressure loading align with anatomical landmarks and shear loading forms a significant component of the overall load. Notably, regions of peak shear and pressure are not necessarily collocated or present in unison.
Conclusion: This work highlights the need for in-shoe plantar measurement systems like SLIPS capable of mapping both pressure and shear load, and their use to improve understanding of how these factors relate to clinical conditions like DFU.
Significance: SLIPS represents the first in-shoe measurement system capable of measuring both pressure and shear across the whole plantar surface in unison
Going places
Get PDFJourneys. We all make them. Often they take us to exotic places. Sometimes they take us even further. They might take us through time. Or they might take us into a new way of life. There are times too, when we go all over the world and back again only to find that home is, after all, where it’s all happening.
This book contains stories about many different types of journey. We hope you will enjoy travelling into it and finding a world that suits you
- …
